haru Korean › Grammar › Level 2A › 연결 정리
연결 정리 — linking review — because, setting the scene, on the way, and after
Linking review — because, setting the scene, on the way, and after. Korean grammar for upper beginner learners — Level 2A, lesson 12: 2A 정리 · 혼자서 해낸 한 학기 (Level 2A round-up — a term I got through on my own).
What it means
Level 2A gave you four more endings that join two sentences. -(으)니까 (2A-5) gives a reason, and unlike -아서/어서 it can be followed by 'please' or 'let's': 시간이 없으니까 택시를 탑시다. -는데 (2A-9) sets the scene for what comes next — often a question, a request or a suggestion — and it can also mean 'but': 배가 고픈데 같이 밥 먹으러 갈까요? On adjectives it is -(으)ㄴ데 (바쁜데) and on nouns 인데 (학생인데). -다가 (2A-7) says you were in the middle of one thing when something else happened, or when you switched to something else: 학교에 가다가 친구를 만났어요 — the same person is doing both. -고 나서 (2A-5) means 'after finishing': 숙제를 끝내고 나서 쉬어요. For the time, -(으)니까 and -는데 take -았/었- (늦었으니까 · 갔는데); -다가 and -고 나서 do not here — the last verb carries the time.
Forms
| Pattern | When | Example |
|---|---|---|
| -(으)니까 | 그러니까 — because · so (+ -(으)세요 · -(으)ㅂ시다 OK) | 먹다 → 먹으니까 |
| -는데 | 그런데 — setting the scene · but (A-(으)ㄴ데 · N인데) | 먹다 → 먹는데 |
| -다가 | in the middle of …, then — the same person | 먹다 → 먹다가 |
| -고 나서 | 그다음에 — after finishing … | 먹다 → 먹고 나서 |
Key points
- Four endings that join two sentences: -(으)니까 (because — 'please' or 'let's' may follow) · -는데 (setting the scene · but) · -다가 (in the middle of …, then) · -고 나서 (after finishing …)
- Each one goes with a linking word: 그러니까 → -(으)니까 · 그런데 → -는데 · 그다음에 → -고 나서 — and -다가 is 'on the way' or 'in the middle of'
Examples
- 시간이 없어요. 그러니까 택시를 탑시다. → 시간이 없으니까 택시를 탑시다.
- 배가 고파요. 그런데 같이 밥 먹으러 갈까요? → 배가 고픈데 같이 밥 먹으러 갈까요?
- 학교에 가요 … 그때 친구를 만났어요. → 학교에 가다가 친구를 만났어요.
- 숙제를 끝내요. 그다음에 쉬어요. → 숙제를 끝내고 나서 쉬어요.
Where university textbooks teach it
This point also appears in: Seoul National University Korean 2A, lesson 5; Seoul National University Korean 2A, lesson 7; Seoul National University Korean 2A, lesson 9; Yonsei University Korean 1-2, lesson 11; Yonsei University Korean 2-2, lesson 11; Yonsei University Korean 3-1, lesson 5; Sogang University Korean 2A, lesson 4; Sogang University Korean 2A, lesson 5; Sogang University Korean 2B, lesson 4; Sogang University Korean 3B, lesson 7; Ewha Womans University Korean 2-1, lesson 5; Ewha Womans University Korean 2-2, lesson 9; Ewha Womans University Korean 2-2, lesson 10; Hongik University Korean 1B, lesson 10; Hongik University Korean 1B, lesson 11; Hongik University Korean 2B, lesson 7; Hongik University Korean 2B, lesson 8; Hanyang University Korean 1-2, lesson 8; Hanyang University Korean 2-1, lesson 3; Hanyang University Korean 2-1, lesson 6.