haru Korean › Grammar
Korean grammar, point by point
All 443 Korean grammar points in haru Korean, in the order Seoul's university language institutes teach them — from N은/는 at Level 1A up. Each page gives the meaning, the forms, key points, an explanation and examples.
Level 1A · 35 points
- N은/는 — the topic marker 은/는 — 'as for me …'
- N입니다/입니까 — the formal style of 이에요/예요 — interviews, speeches, the news
- N이/가 아니에요 — saying what you are NOT — and correcting it
- 이거 · 그거 · 저거 + N이에요/예요 — this · that (near you) · that (over there) — asking what something is
- N하고 N · N과/와 N — and — joining two nouns: 하고 when you speak, 과/와 in writing
- N이/가 있어요 · 없어요 — there is / there isn't — I have / I don't have
- N 주세요 — please give me N — asking for something
- V-아요/어요 — the polite present -아요/어요 — 'I study', 'do you eat?'
- N을/를 — the object particle 을/를 — what you read, study or meet
- N에서 — the place particle 에서 — where you do something
- 안 V — 안 before the verb — 'I don't eat', 'I don't study'
- N에 있어요 · 없어요 — being somewhere — 'is there · is not there'
- N 위 · 아래 · 안 · 옆에 있어요 — where exactly — on, under, in, next to …
- 여기가 N이에요 — naming places — here, there, over there
- N에 가요 · 와요 — going and coming — 'where are you going?'
- V-았/었어요 — the past tense — 'I did …'
- 날짜 · 요일 + N에 — dates and days + 에 — 'on Saturday', 'on the ninth of October'
- V-고 — -고 — 'and (then)' between two actions
- 시간 읽기 — telling the time — hours, minutes and 'at' a time
- V-(으)ㄹ까요? — shall we …? — suggesting a plan and a time
- A/V-네요 · N이네요 — oh, …! — reacting to something you have just noticed
- N 개 · 병 · 잔 · 권 · 명 — counting things — noun + native Korean number + counter
- V-(으)세요 — please … — polite requests and instructions
- N도 — also, too — 도 takes the place of 은/는 · 이/가 · 을/를
- 돈 읽기 — reading prices — Sino-Korean numbers + 원, and asking how much
- N하고 / N(이)랑 같이 — with — doing things together with someone
- 이 · 그 · 저 + N — this · that · that over there + a noun — pointing at people and things
- ㄷ 불규칙 — verbs whose ㄷ turns into ㄹ — listen, ask
- A-아요/어요 · N이/가 A — describing words — the weather is nice
- ㅂ 불규칙 — ㅂ words — 덥다 becomes 더워요
- A/V-지만 — …, but … — two ideas in one sentence
- -습니다/-습니까 — the formal style — the news, speeches and announcements
- V-고 싶다 — wishes — 'I want to …' and 'do you want to …?'
- A/V-(으)면 — if · when — a condition, then what happens
- V-(으)ㄹ 거예요 — plans — 'I'm going to …' · a first look, verbs without 받침 only
Level 1B · 46 points
- A/V-(으)세요 · N(이)세요 — honorific -(으)시- — speaking politely about older people
- N께서(는) — the honorific subject particle — 이/가 → 께서 · 은/는 → 께서는
- N의 N — possession — 'N's N': 안나 씨의 가방 · 제 가방
- N을/를 잘하다 · 못하다 — good at, bad at — 'I'm good at …' · 'I'm not good at …'
- V-고 있다 — an action in progress — 'I am …ing'
- 못 V — can't — 'I can't …' and 'I couldn't …'
- A/V-지요? · N(이)지요? — checking — '…, right?'
- V-(으)ㄹ 거예요 — plans — 'I'm going to …', now with every verb
- V-(으)러 가다/오다 — going somewhere to do something — the reason for going
- V-(으)ㄹ게요 — promises and offers — 'I will …', said to the person in front of you
- V-(으)려고 (하다) — intentions and plans — 'in order to …' and 'I'm planning to …'
- A/V-아서/어서 — reasons — '…, so …' · 'because …'
- V-아서/어서 — one action, then the next — 'get up and …' · 'go there and …'
- N부터 N까지 — from … to … — times, days and opening hours
- A/V-(으)니까 · N(이)니까 — reasons before advice or a suggestion — '…, so please …' · '…, so…
- ㅡ 탈락 — ㅡ words — 아프다 → 아파요, 크다 → 커요
- N만 — only — 만 after a noun
- V-아야/어야 되다 — have to · must — what you need to do
- V-지 마세요 — please don't … — telling someone not to do something
- ㄹ 탈락 — ㄹ words — 살다 drops its ㄹ before ㄴ · ㅂ · ㅅ
- V-(으)ㄹ 수 있다/없다 — can · can't — what you are able to do
- V-지 못하다 — can't — a second way: -지 못해요
- A/V-지 않다 — not — the long form: -지 않아요
- V-(으)면서 — doing two things at the same time — 'while …'
- V-기 전에 — before doing something — 'before …ing'
- N 전에 · N 후에 — before and after — and telling the order of your day
- V-(으)ㄴ 후에 — after doing something — 'after …ing'
- A/V-습니다/습니까 — the formal style — statements and questions with -습니다 · -습니까?
- V-(으)십시오 — formal requests and instructions — 'please …'
- V-(으)ㅂ시다 — formal suggestions — 'let's …'
- V-겠- — polite intention — 'I will …'
- N에게 · N한테 — to someone — giving, sending, calling and telling
- N께 — to someone you respect — 께 and 드리다
- 더 · 제일/가장 — comparing — 'more' and 'the most'
- N보다 (더) — comparing — 'than'
- A-(으)ㄴ N — describing a noun — an adjective in front of a noun
- V-아/어 보세요 — try it — suggesting that someone try something
- A/V-고요 — and also … — adding one more thing in conversation
- N(으)로 — how you go and which way — by subway, to the left, through exit 2
- N에서 N까지 — from … to … — places, and how long a trip takes
- V-아/어 주세요 — asking someone to do something for you — 'please do this for me'
- 시제 정리 — tense review — what you did, what you are doing, what you are going…
- 높임 정리 — honorifics review — talking about older people in three layers
- 할 수 있어요 · 못 해요 · -아야 돼요 · -지 마세요 — can, can't, must and please don't — four endings for what you can…
- 연결어미 정리 — linking endings review — and, so, while and but: two sentences in one
- A-다 · V-ㄴ다/는다 · N(이)다 (이야기의 말) — the plain narrative style — diaries and stories
Level 2A · 42 points
- V-(으)려고 (1B 복습·확장) — 'in order to' — saying your purpose
- N(이)라고 해요 — 'I'm called …' — names, and what things and people are called
- N(이)나 N — 'or' between two nouns — 커피나 차
- V-거나 V — 'or' between two actions — 쉬거나 운동해요
- V-는 N — describing a noun with what it does — 사진을 찍는 친구
- V-(으)ㄴ N — describing a noun with what already happened — 어제 본 영화
- V-는 것 — turning an action into a noun — 'doing …'
- A/V-지 않다 (1B 복습·확장) — not … — the long negative
- V-아/어 봤어요 — have you ever …? — talking about experiences
- V-(으)ㄹ N — a … to do — describing a noun with what is still to come
- N 동안 — for … — how long something lasts
- A-(으)ㄴ/V-는/N인 것 같다 — I think … · it seems … — guessing, and saying your opinion softly
- N보다 (더) (1B 복습·확장) — than — comparing two things with 보다
- A/V-았으면/었으면 좋겠다 — I wish … · I hope … — saying what you would like to be true
- A/V-(으)니까 · N(이)니까 (1B 복습·확장) — because · so — a reason before a suggestion, a request or advice
- A/V-(으)ㄹ까요? (추측) — do you think …? — asking for someone's guess
- A/V-(으)ㄹ 거예요 (추측) — will probably … · I think … — making a guess
- V-고 나서 — after …ing — first one thing, then the next
- 르 불규칙 — 르 words — 모르다 → 몰라요, 부르다 → 불러요
- N(이)라서 — because it is … — giving a reason with a noun
- V-(으)면 되다 — you just have to … — the easy way, or all you need
- N에다가 — on · in · to this exact spot — where you put, write or send something
- V-다가 — doing one thing, then something else — 'go along and then …' · 'in…
- A/V-(으)ㄴ/는지 알다 · 모르다 — do you know where …? — a question inside a sentence
- V-(으)려면 — if you want to … — asking how, and giving advice
- A/V-(으)ㄹ 것 같다 — I think it will … — guessing what is going to happen
- A/V-겠- (짐작 · 1B 복습·확장) — guessing from what you see or hear — 'must be …'
- A/V-(으)ㄹ 때 — when … — the time or the mood something happens in
- V-아/어 버리다 — it's all over — 'went and …' (too bad, or what a relief)
- N 때문에 — because of … — giving the reason with a noun
- A-(으)ㄴ데 · V-는데 · N인데 — giving the background or a contrast — '…, so …' · '…, but …'
- A-(으)ㄴ데요 · V-는데요 — ending softly with -는데요 — opening a call, a gentle answer, surprise
- V-는 중이다 · N 중이다 — in the middle of … — busy right now
- V-(으)ㄹ 줄 알다/모르다 — knowing how to do something — 필기할 줄 알아요
- -(으)ㄹ 수 있다 · -(으)ㄹ 줄 알다 · 잘하다/못하다 — can, know how to, be good at — choosing the right one
- N밖에 — only — and not enough: 밖에 with a negative
- 사과하기 — saying sorry — the reason with -아서/어서, then 못 for what you couldn't…
- A-(으)ㄴ가요? · V-나요? — asking gently and politely — -(으)ㄴ가요? and -나요?
- 관형형 정리 — describing nouns review — what was done, what is done now, what is…
- 추측 정리 — guessing review — I think …, that must be …, and do you think …? —…
- 연결 정리 — linking review — because, setting the scene, on the way, and after
- 표현 정리 — set patterns review — I've tried it, all you need to do, I know how,…
Level 2B · 47 points
- A-아/어지다 — to become … · to get … — how a state changes
- V-게 되다 — to come to … · to end up … — a change that came about
- V-기 전에 (1B 복습·확장) — before …ing
- V-(으)ㄴ 후에 (1B 복습·확장) — after …ing
- ㅅ 불규칙 — ㅅ verbs — in some verbs the ㅅ drops before a vowel
- N마다 — every … · each … — 날마다 · 주말마다 · 두 시간마다 · 사람마다
- V-는 게 어때요? — how about …ing? · why don't you …? — soft advice and suggestions
- V-기로 하다 — decide to · agree to — plans you have made, often with someone
- A-아/어 보이다 — look …, seem … — saying how something looks to you
- N처럼 · N같이 — like N — comparing someone with someone else
- A-(으)ㄴ 편이다 · V-는 편이다 — rather …, on the … side — describing yourself and others softly
- A-게 — …ly, in a … way — saying how you do something
- V-기(가) A — it's good · easy · hard to … — how an action feels
- A/V-기 때문에 · N 때문에 — because … — a clear reason
- A/V-기는 하지만 — it's true that …, but … — admitting one point, then the other side
- V-(으)ㄹ 것 — do … · don't … — instructions on notices and rules (written only)
- V-아/어도 되다 — may I …? · it's all right to … — asking for and giving permission
- V-(으)면 안 되다 — must not … · it isn't allowed — rules and saying no
- V-(으)ㄴ 적이 있다/없다 — have you ever …? · I have (never) … — talking about experiences
- A/V-았을/었을 때 — when … (in the past) — a moment or a time that is over
- V-아/어 놓다 — do … in advance and leave it ready · leave something that way
- N 대신 · V-는 대신(에) — instead of … · in return — swapping one thing or one job for another
- A/V-(으)ㄹ 테니까 — I'll … so (you) … · it will probably … so … — sharing the jobs and…
- V-(으)ㄹ까 하다 — I'm thinking of … — plans that are not fixed yet
- N에게서 · N한테서 (+ N께) — from someone — who you got it from, heard it from or learned it from
- V-(으)ㄴ 지 (시간) 되다 · 지나다 — it has been … since — how long ago something started
- A-다 · V-ㄴ다/는다 · N(이)다 (글말 · 1B-12 복습) — the plain written style — diaries, news and posts
- N(이)나 (수량 강조) — as many as … · as long as … — a number bigger than you expected
- V-아/어 주시겠어요? — could you …, please? — a very polite request
- V-아/어 드리다 — doing something for someone you respect — offering help
- N에서부터 · N에게로 — all the way from … · toward (a person) — two particles you know,…
- V-(으)ㄹ 뻔하다 — nearly … · almost … (but it didn't happen)
- V-아/어 있다 — is …-ed · is sitting / standing / open — a state that stays
- V-아다/어다 주다 — go and get … for someone · take someone somewhere — two steps, one…
- A-군요 · V-는군요 · N(이)군요 — oh, so … · I see … — reacting to something you have just found out
- 반말 ① -아/어 · -았/었어 · N이야/야 — casual speech ① — talking and asking between close friends
- 반말 ② -자 · -아/어라 · -니? — casual speech ② — let's …, do …! and the soft question -니?
- V-(으)ㄹ래요 — do you want to …? · I'll have … — choices and invitations
- N 중에서 — among … — picking one out of a group
- ㅎ 불규칙 — ㅎ adjectives — the colours, 그렇다 and 어떻다
- V-는 동안(에) — while … — one thing happens during another
- A/V-(으)ㄹ까 봐(요) — in case … · I'm worried that … — doing something because of a worry
- 명사형 -음/-기 + 한자어 접사 — making nouns with -음 and -기, and Sino-Korean word endings —…
- 허락 · 금지 · 경험 정리 — permission, rules and experience review — may I …?, you mustn't …,…
- 변화 · 상태 정리 — change and state review — it got …, I came to …, it is (still) …,…
- 이유 · 조건 · 의도 정리 — reasons and plans review — because …, I'll … so you …, I've decided…
- 반말 정리 + 글말 -다 — casual speech and the written style review — the same sentence to a…
Level 3A · 45 points
- A/V-다고 하다 — passing on what someone said — verbs and adjectives
- N(이)라고 하다 — passing on what someone said — nouns
- A/V-대요 — the short form — passing on news in chat and conversation
- N(이)래요 — the short form with nouns — 'they say it is N'
- V-(으)라고 · -지 말라고 · -아/어 달라고(주라고) 하다 — passing on instructions and favours — tell someone to …, not to …,…
- V-자고 하다 — passing on a suggestion — 'let's …' and 'let's not …'
- V-느라고 — I was busy doing …, so … — what kept you busy, and what you couldn't…
- 누구나 · 언제나 · 어디나 · 무엇이나 (+ 아무나) — everyone · always · everywhere · anything — and 'any … at all' with 아무
- A/V-(으)ㄹ 텐데 — it will probably …, so … — a guess, then advice, a question, a worry…
- A-(으)냐고 · V-느냐고 · N(이)냐고 하다 · 묻다 — passing on a question — he asked if …, she asked where …
- A/V-(으)ㄹ 줄 몰랐다 · -(으)ㄴ/는 줄 알았다 — I never expected … · I thought …, but … — surprises and mistaken…
- A-(으)ㄴ가 보다 · N인가 보다 — it seems … · … must be … — a guess from a clue (adjectives and nouns)
- V-아/어 보니(까) — I tried it and found … — what you find out by doing
- A/V-던데(요) — I noticed … · I found … — telling what you saw or tasted yourself
- V-나 보다 — it seems … · they must be … — guessing from what you see or hear…
- A/V-(으)니 — because … (written) — the reason on notices, signs and in…
- V-(으)ㄹ걸 (그랬다) — I should have … · I shouldn't have … — small regrets
- V-(으)ㄹ까 말까 (하다) — should I or shouldn't I? — saying you can't decide
- V-지 그래(요)? — why don't you …? — friendly advice
- N(이)라도 — … will do · at least … — the second-best choice
- 아무 N도 — no … at all · nobody, nothing, nowhere — 아무 with a negative (and 아무…
- A/V-거든(요) — …, you see · because … — adding a reason the listener didn't know
- 피동 -이/히/리/기 — passive verbs — things that happen by themselves (a first look: ten…
- N만 아니면 — as long as it isn't … · any … but … — saying yes with one condition
- V-았/었다가 — did …, then undid it — finishing one thing, then the opposite or…
- A-(으)ㄴ데도 · V-는데도 — even though … · … and it still didn't — when the result you expect…
- A/V-더니 — (I saw that) …, and then / but now … — a change or a result you…
- V-도록 (하다) — so that … · please make sure you … — purpose and polite advice
- V-다(가) (사고) — while I was …, something happened — small accidents on the way
- A-다고(요)? · V-ㄴ/는다고(요)? · N(이)라고(요)? — you said …? — checking what you heard, and showing surprise
- 아무리 A/V-아/어도 — no matter how … · however … — the result stays the same
- A/V-아야/어야 할 텐데(요) — I do hope … — a hope said with a little worry
- N에 대해(서) · N에 대한 N — about … · on … — the topic you talk, hear, read or write about
- N을/를 위해(서) · V-기 위해(서) — for … · in order to … — who something is for, and what you do it for
- V-아/어지다 — was made · was built · became known — when what happened matters…
- A-(으)ㄴ데도 불구하고 · N에도 불구하고 — despite … · even though … — the formal way, for speeches, notices…
- V-자마자 — as soon as … · the moment … — one thing right after another
- V-는 데 (시간이) 걸리다 · (돈이) 들다 — it takes (time) to … · it costs (money, effort) to …
- A/V-아/어야 — only if … — the one condition you can't skip
- V-아/어야지(요) — I'm going to … · of course you should … — promises and what is right
- V-(으)려던 참이다 — I was just about to … — perfect timing
- 간접화법 정리 — reported speech review — passing on statements, questions, orders…
- 추측 · 후회 — guesses, regrets and surprises review — it'll probably …, it seems…
- 연결어미 정리 — linking endings review — busy doing …, did … and then …, (I saw) ……
- 표현 정리 — expressions review — the reason you didn't know, what I noticed,…
Level 3B · 46 points
- A/V-던 N — the … I used to … · the … that used to be … — looking back at the past
- A/V-잖아(요) — you know … · as you know … — reminding someone of what they already…
- V-(으)ㄹ 생각 · 계획 · 예정이다 — I'm thinking of … · I plan to … · … is scheduled — talking about the…
- V-(으)려면 멀었다 — … is still a long way off — goals that are far away, and modest…
- 무엇이든(지) · 언제든지 · 누구든지 · N(이)든(지) — any … at all — it doesn't matter which: open offers and free choices
- A-다면 · V-ㄴ/는다면 · N(이)라면 — if … (really happened) · if I were … — imagining and 'what if'…
- 사동 -이/히/리/기/우 — causative verbs — making or helping someone do something (a first…
- A/V-다거나 · V-ㄴ/는다거나 — things like … or … — giving a few examples, not the whole list
- V-았/었더니 — I did …, and so … · and then I found … — what came after something I…
- 얼마나 A-(으)ㄴ지 · V-는지 모르다 — you can't imagine how … — saying 'so very …!' with feeling
- A-(으)ㄴ · V-는 · V-(으)ㄹ 모양이다 —많이 피곤한 모양이에요 — it looks like … · it seems … — a careful guess from what you see or…
- A/V-(으)ㄹ까 봐(서) —실수할까 봐 매일 연습하고 있어요 — in case … · worried that … — now also about the past and with nouns
- V-고 있다 (착용) —검은 정장을 입고 있는 사람이 민수 씨예요 — wearing · carrying — what someone has on right now
- A/V-았어야/었어야 했는데 —정장을 입고 왔어야 했는데 — I should have … — regrets and apologies
- N보고 —유나 씨가 저보고 사회를 보라고 했어요 — (said) to me · told me to … — passing on what someone said to you
- A/V-(으)면 A/V-(으)ㄹ수록 —오래 살면 살수록 고향이 그리워져요 — the more …, the more … — two things that grow together
- 하도 A/V-아서/어서 —항공료가 하도 비싸서 깜짝 놀랐어요 — so very … that … — a strong, spoken reason
- A/V-았던/었던 N —여기는 제가 어렸을 때 살았던 동네예요 — the … I once … · the … that was — memories of what is over
- N만큼 · A/V-(으)ㄴ/는 만큼 —요즘은 시골도 도시만큼 편리해요 — as … as N · as much as … — comparing and matching
- V-게 하다 —할아버지는 우리에게 불을 끄게 하세요 — make … do · let … do — getting someone else to do it
- A/V-지 않으면 안 되다 —전기를 아껴 쓰지 않으면 안 돼요 — have to … · must … — there's no other way
- V-아/어 두다 —안 쓰는 플러그는 뽑아 두세요 — do … and leave it that way · do … now, for later
- V-는 길에 —학교에 오는 길에 하늘마트에 들렀어요 — on the way … · while you're going somewhere anyway
- N만 하다 —가야금이 사람 키만 해요 — as big as … · about the size of … — sizes by comparison
- V-(으)ㄹ 만하다 —그 공연은 정말 볼 만해요 — worth …ing · good enough to … — recommending, and putting up with…
- A-구나 · V-는구나 · N(이)구나 —와, 가야금이 진짜 크구나! — oh, so it's …! — casual exclamations, and the 반말 endings in one place
- A/V-기로 유명하다 —이 시장은 떡이 맛있기로 유명해요 — famous for being … · well known for doing …
- A/V-다고 · V-ㄴ/는다고 · N(이)라고 (이유) —바쁘다고 약속을 미뤘어요 — because (they say) … — the reason someone gives
- A-(으)ㄴ 척하다 · V-는 척하다 —유나 씨가 저를 못 본 척했어요 — pretending — acting as if …
- A/V-다니(요) · N(이)라니(요) —두 사람이 연인 사이라니요? — What? …? — surprise and disbelief at what you've just heard
- 호격 N아/야 · 존대 표지 「요」 —수빈아! · 저요? — calling a friend by name — and making a short reply polite
- V-고 말다 —거울이 깨지고 말았어요 — it ended up … · I ended up … — something nobody wanted, in the end
- A-다니까(요) · V-ㄴ/는다니까(요) · N(이)라니까(요) —정말 괜찮다니까요 — I'm telling you … · I said … — saying it again, more strongly
- V-(으)ㄴ 다음에 —사진을 찍은 다음에 유리를 치우세요 — after … — saying what comes next
- V-아/어 오다 —어린 시절부터 연극을 해 왔어요 — have been …-ing (all along, up to now)
- N(이)고 N(이)고 —밤이고 낮이고 공부해요 — N1 or N2, it makes no difference — all of them · all the time
- V-고 보니(까) —기사를 읽고 보니 내용이 달랐어요 — once I'd done it, I saw … — what you only realise afterwards
- 뉴스 글말 —A/V-다고 합니다 · -(으)ㄴ/는 것으로 나타났다 — the language of the news — 'it is reported that …' · 'a survey found…
- A/V-(으)ㄹ걸(요) —월세가 조금 오를걸요 — I bet … · probably … — a casual guess you feel fairly sure of
- V-아/어 가다 —계약이 거의 끝나 가요 — going on … · getting … · almost … — a change that keeps moving on…
- 문어체 N(으)로 인해(서) · -(으)ㅁ —고장으로 인해 쓸 수 없음 — written style — 'due to …' and the -(으)ㅁ ending of contracts, memos…
- V-(으)시기 바랍니다 · -기 바라다 —번호표를 뽑고 기다리시기 바랍니다 — please … (notices and announcements) · I hope … — the polite ending…
- 회상 · 추측 정리 —-던 · -았/었던 · -(으)ㄴ/는 모양이다 · -(으)ㄹ걸요 · -나 보다 — looking back and guessing review — the … I used to …, the … I once…
- 인용 · 되묻기 정리 —-다니요? · -다고요? · -다니까요 · -잖아요 — reacting to what people say review — surprise, checking, insisting…
- 변화 · 결과 정리 —-(으)ㄹ수록 · -았/었더니 · -고 말다 · -게 하다 — change and results review — the more …, I did … and then …, ended up…
- 글말 정리 —-다고 합니다 · -(으)ㄴ/는 것으로 나타났다 · -(으)ㅁ · -(으)시기 바랍니다 — the written style review — news, survey results, notes and polite…
Level 4A · 44 points
- V-고자 (하다) — a formal 'in order to' — and 'I intend to'
- N대로 — 'as N · according to N' — the way a plan, an order or someone's…
- V-는 대로 · V-(으)ㄴ 대로 — 'the way someone does or did' — and -는 대로 'as soon as'
- N에 비해(서) · N에 비하면 — compared with N — comparing figures, places and times
- N에 따르면 · N에 따라(서) — according to N — where information comes from, and what something…
- N에 불과하다 — only … · no more than … — saying that a number is small
- A/V-(으)ㄹ 정도로 — so … that … · to the point of … — showing how bad (or how good) it is
- A/V-는 탓에 · N 탓에 — because of … (and it's to blame) — the cause of a bad result
- V-다시피 — as you know · as you can see — starting from what the listener…
- V-다가는 — if you keep … (something bad will happen) — warnings
- A/V-다면서(요)? — I hear that … — is that right? · checking news you heard
- A/V-고(요)? — … and …? — adding one more question · N은/는요?
- A/V-았더라면/었더라면 — if (only) … had … — picturing a different past
- V-거든 — when … (then do this) — a condition for a request, a suggestion or a…
- A-(으)ㄴ 반면(에) · V-는 반면(에) — while … · on the other hand — two sides of one thing, two people,…
- A/V-기는커녕 · N은/는커녕 — far from … · let alone … — not even the smaller thing
- A/V-(으)ㄹ 게 뻔하다 — it's obvious that … · … is bound to happen — predicting what anyone…
- A/V-더군(요) · N(이)더군요 — I saw that … · it turned out … — telling now what you saw back then
- A/V-고 해서 — … and so on, so … — one reason among several
- A-다더니 · V-ㄴ/는다더니 · N(이)라더니 — they said … and (sure enough / but) … — what you heard against what…
- A/V-기 마련이다 — … is bound to … · that's how it goes — the way things usually are
- 사동 -이/히/리/기 — causative verbs in -이-, -히-, -리-, -기- — doing it to or for someone
- 사동 -우/구/추 · -게 하다와 비교 — causatives in -우-, -구-, -추- — and doing it yourself vs getting…
- V-고서 · -고서는 · -고서야 — and then … · on doing … · only after … — linking two actions tightly
- 피동 -이/히/리/기 (정리) — passive verbs — the full set, who or what caused it, and things that…
- V-아/어지다 · N되다 · N을/를 당하다/받다 — passives without -이/히/리/기 — -아/어지다, N되다, and 당하다 · 받다
- 피동 + -아/어 있다 — is locked · is open · is lying there — describing the state things…
- 사동과 피동 — causative or passive? — telling them apart, even when they look the…
- A-(으)ㄴ 듯하다 · V-는 듯하다 · -(으)ㄹ 듯하다 — it seems … · as if … — the most careful way to judge from what you see
- A/V-듯(이) — as if … · like … — comparing one action with another, and painting a…
- A/V-(으)며 — and · while — the written way to join sentences
- N(이)나마 — even if only … · it's not much, but … — offering the little you can
- N(이)든(지) N(이)든(지) · A/V-든(지) A/V-든(지) — either … or … — it doesn't matter which, or whatever happens
- A/V-기는(요) · N은/는요 — Me? Hardly! — playing down a compliment, gently saying 'not really'
- N(이)야 · N(이)야말로 — N, of course · N, truly — singling something out
- 여간 A-(으)ㄴ 것이 아니다 · 여간 A/V-지 않다 — not just a little … — really, truly very
- N(이)란 — N is … · what is N? — defining a word or an idea in general terms
- A/V-더라도 · N(이)더라도 — even if … — conceding a point and imagining the hardest case
- V-(으)ㄴ 채(로) — with … still on · just as it was — keeping one state while something…
- A/V-(으)ㄹ 따름이다 · -(으)ㄹ 뿐이다 — only … · nothing more than … — modest words for speeches, thanks and…
- 근거와 비교 정리 — sources and comparisons review — according to …, compared with …,…
- 전해 듣고 확인하기 정리 — passing on and checking what you heard review — I hear …, right? ·…
- 사동 · 피동 정리 — causatives and passives review — doing it to someone, getting…
- 가정 · 양보 · 추측 정리 — if only, even if, bound to and it seems review — picturing another…
Level 4B · 47 points
- V-(으)려다(가) — was about to … but — a plan that changes halfway
- N마저 — even (the last thing) — one more piece of bad luck
- N(으)로써 — by means of · through — how something is done, in formal Korean
- A/V-기에 · -기에는 — as · since (in writing) — and 'for doing …, it's too …'
- A-다기보다(는) · V-ㄴ/는다기보다(는) · N(이)라기보다(는) — not so much … as … — correcting a word, and disagreeing softly
- N에 의하면 · N에 의해(서) · N에 의한 N — according to … · by … — giving a source, and naming who did it
- V-는 한 · -지 않는 한 · N인 한 — as long as … · unless … — a condition that has to keep holding
- A/V-고도 — even though … · and still … — when what happened goes against what…
- A/V-더라고(요) — I noticed … · it turned out … — telling someone what you saw or…
- A/V-더라 · -더라? — it was … (casual) · what was it again? — recalling out loud
- N치고 · N치고는 — every … almost without exception · for a … — what's typical, and…
- A-다는 것은 N에서/N(으)로 알 수 있다 — you can tell … from … — giving evidence in written Korean
- V-는 통에 · N 통에 — with all the … going on · in the chaos of … — a hectic cause and a…
- V-(으)ㄹ래야 V-(으)ㄹ 수(가) 없다 — I'd like to …, but it's just impossible — however hard you try
- V-아/어 주셨으면 해요/합니다 — I'd like you to …, if you could — polite requests to an office, a…
- A/V-(으)ㄹ 리(가) 없다 — there's no way … · … can't be — a strong 'that can't be true'
- N까지 (뜻밖의 끝) — even … — as far as something you'd never expect
- V-기(가) 무섭게 — the moment … · no sooner … than — faster than you'd believe
- A/V-(으)나 — but … (in writing) — the -지만 of news, notices and forecasts
- V-는 김에 · V-(으)ㄴ 김에 — while you're at it · since you're (already) there — adding one more…
- A/V-아/어서인지 · N(이)어서인지 — maybe because … · perhaps it's because … — a careful guess at the…
- V-느니 (차라리) — rather than … · I'd sooner … — choosing the lesser of two evils
- N(이)면 N(이)면 — be it A or be it B — good in every way, one thing after another
- A/V-았었/었었- — used to … (but not any more) — a past that is cut off from now
- V-곤 하다 · -고는 하다 — used to … again and again · would often … — a habit, then or now
- A-다 싶다 · V-ㄴ/는다 싶다 · -(으)ㄹ까 싶다 — it struck me that … · I half think … · I'm thinking I might … —…
- V-는 사이에 · N 사이에 — while … (in that short gap) · before you knew it — something…
- N(이)며 N(이)며 — A and B and all the rest — listing examples, with feeling
- V-아/어 대다 — keep on … (too much) — doing something over and over, and being…
- A/V-거니와 — and besides … · not only … but also — adding a second point in…
- 이야기 글말 — telling a tale — once upon a time … and they lived happily ever after
- A/V-아/어야지(요) · -았/었어야지(요) — I must … · you ought to … · you should have … — resolutions, advice…
- V-는 바람에 — because (something sudden) happened — and it messed things up
- V-(으)나 마나 — no point (doing it) · sure without even (looking) — giving up, or…
- V-아/어라 · V-지 마라 · 해라체 — Run! · Don't …! — plain-style orders and cheers, and the plain style…
- N(으)로서 — as … — speaking or acting in a role, a status or a qualification
- N은/는 … -다는 것이다 · -다는 점이다 — the point is that … — stating a strength, a problem or a feature in…
- A/V-다거나 · V-ㄴ/는다거나 · N(이)라거나 — things like … or … — giving examples in an interview (review and…
- N(으)로 인해(서) · N(으)로 인한 N — because of … · caused by … — formal causes in cover letters and…
- A/V-(으)므로 — because · since — the written way to give a reason
- 문어체 종결 정리 — written sentence endings — turning a spoken sentence into an…
- A-(으)ㄴ가 싶다 · V-나 싶다 · -(으)ㄹ까 싶다 — I wonder if … · I half suspect … — voicing a doubt or worry to…
- A-(으)ㄴ 셈이다 · V-는 셈이다 — it comes to … · it's as good as … — summing up, rounding off,…
- 근거와 글말 정리 — sources and the written style review — according to …, compared with…
- 이유 · 결과 가족 정리 — the family of reasons and results review — because of (blame),…
- 양보 · 조건 정리 — concessions and conditions review — even if …, even though (I) …, as…
- 회상 · 추측 · 판단 정리 — looking back, guessing and judging review — I noticed …, I found…
Level 5A · 45 points
- -지 (대조) — …, not … — yes to one thing, no to the other
- V-(으)ㄴ 채(로) — with … still … — a pose or a state that stays (Lesson 4A-11, now for…
- (A-(으)ㄴ/V-는) N에 N — N with N — stacking details into one picture of a person
- V-는 둥 마는 둥 (하다) — barely · half-heartedly — doing something without really doing it
- V-게 생겼다 — it's come to the point where … — a situation heading for trouble
- A-(으)ㄴ/V-는 척하다 — pretending — and people who pretend (Lesson 3B-8, now for describing…
- A/V-다는 소리를 듣다 — people say I'm … — what you keep hearing about yourself
- A/V-다는 인상을 주다 — to come across as … — the impression you give (and get)
- A/V-았/었던 — the … I once … — looking back on a career and on moments that are…
- V-(으)ㄴ 바 있다 — has (once) done … — citing a past record in formal writing and speech
- N을/를 시작으로 N을/를 거쳐 — starting with …, then through … — a career or a route in one sentence
- V-ㄴ/는다는 것이 — I meant to …, but (by mistake) … — when what you did is not what you…
- V-기에 앞서(서) · N에 앞서 — prior to · before doing — the formal 'before' of documents, speeches…
- N에 관하여 · N에 관한 N — concerning · regarding — the formal 'about' of documents, questions…
- 아래와 같이 · V-(으)오니 — 'as below' and '-(으)오니 … 바랍니다' — the voice of a public notice
- N에 한하여 · N에 한해(서) — only for · limited to — the line that tells you whether a rule…
- N(이)라든가 — things like N or N · N, for example — giving a few examples of a kind
- A/V-게 마련이다 — … is bound to … — what always happens to love and to people (Lesson…
- A/V-(으)ㄹ 지경이다 — so … that it's almost … · to the point of … — when a hard situation…
- N(이)란 N은/는 모두 — every single N — and N(이)란 for definitions in writing (Lesson 4A-11,…
- A-(으)ㄴ/V-는 데(에) 비해 — compared with … · for … — one fact set against another, or against…
- A-(으)ㄴ/V-는 데다(가) — on top of … — adding a second point that pulls the same way (a first…
- V-는 동시에 · N인 동시에 — at the same time · both … and … — two things at once
- A-(으)ㄴ가/V-는가 하면 — while some …, others … · one moment …, the next … — different cases…
- N조차 — not even N — when even the most basic thing is missing (you saw it…
- A/V-다는 응답이 N에 달하다 · N은/는 N에 그치다 — reporting survey figures — 'reached as many as …' for a big share,…
- V-는 경향을 보이다 — showed a tendency to … — what the figures say a group leans towards,…
- A/V-(으)ㄹ지라도 — even if … · even though … — a strong, formal 'even if' (standard…
- V-기만 하다 · A-기만 하다 — do nothing but … · be nothing but … — only one action, or only one…
- N의 (대표적인) 예로 N을/를 들다 — to give N as an example of N — bringing in a typical example in…
- A/V-다면 — if … (which is not so) — imagining what is not true, now or in the…
- V-(으)ㄹ 만하다 — worth …ing · with good reason — judging a company, a person and a…
- V-느니 (차라리) — rather than … · I'd sooner … — choosing the lesser of two evils…
- 면접에서 자기소개하기 — Introducing yourself at an interview — one minute, twelve lines,…
- -기에 따라(서) — depending on how … — the result changes with the way something is…
- N따라 — especially today · of all days — a day or a time that is unlike the…
- V-(으)ㅁ으로써 · N을/를 통해서 — by doing … · through N — the written-style means of a plan (N(으)로써,…
- N은/는 N을/를 보여 주는 좋은 예이다 — X is a good example that shows Y — presenting an example in written…
- A/V-(으)ㄴ 나머지 — so … that — a feeling or an action went too far and led to a result…
- A-(으)ㄴ데도 · V-는데도 · N인데도 — even though — review of Lesson 3A-7, now for pointing out a fact…
- N(으)로 인해 · 이로 인해 — due to … · because of this — a formal cause (review of Lessons 3B-11…
- 정리 1 — review: describing people — what you see, how they act, what others…
- 정리 2 — review: the written style of careers, notices and applications — a…
- 정리 3 — review: comparing and reporting — examples, what always happens, how…
- 정리 4 — review: work, interviews and school — even if, only, giving an…
Level 5B · 42 points
- A/V-(으)ㄹ뿐더러 — not only … but also — adding a second, stronger point in the same…
- V-자기에 — since someone suggested 'let's …' — explaining what you did because…
- A/V-더라고(요) — I saw that … · it turned out … — passing on what you found out…
- A/V-데(요) — I noticed … · it was …, I found — passing on something you…
- V-기 나름이다 — it depends on how you … — the result is up to the doing
- V-기(가) 쉽다 · V-기 십상이다 — likely to … · bound to end up … — things that easily go wrong…
- A-(으)ㄴ/V-는 면이 있다 — has a certain side to it — a careful way to say something is partly…
- A/V-길래 — because (I saw / heard / noticed that) … — the reason that made me act
- A-다기에/V-는다기에 — because (someone) said that … — acting on what you were told (and…
- A/V-지 않을까 하다 — I'm afraid that … / I wonder if … might — a careful worry, and a…
- A-기 그지없다 — … beyond words — the most formal way to say how deeply you feel
- A/V-(으)려고(요)? — surely you're not going to …? · how could …? — doubting a plan or a…
- V-기가 바쁘게 — no sooner … than · the moment … — one thing hard on the heels of…
- A-(으)ㄴ걸(요) · V-는걸(요) — but actually … · oh, it's … — a gentle 'that's not quite so' or a…
- A/V-네 — oh, it's … — a reaction to what you notice right now, to a friend or…
- A-(으)ㄴ/V-는 가운데 — amid … · while … is going on — the background to what happens, in…
- A/V-(으)ㄹ 테지만 — it will probably …, but — admit what is likely (or what the listener…
- N은/는 물론이거니와 — not to mention … · … of course, and even … — the first goes without…
- N이자 N — both … and … at once — one person or thing in two roles
- V-(으)ㄹ 테다 — I will — just watch: a firm vow, usually to yourself
- A/V-(으)면 몰라도 — unless … — maybe in that one case, but otherwise no
- N을/를 계기로 — with … as the turning point — what an event set in motion
- A/V-고말고(요) — of course! — a strong, warm 'yes' to a question or a doubt
- V-(으)ㄹ 테면 — go ahead and try, if that's what you want — a dare that starts fights
- A/V-(으)ㅁ에 틀림없다 — it must be so — a firm conclusion drawn from evidence
- A-(으)ㄴ/V-는 점이 특징적이다 — what stands out is (that) … — naming a feature in a report or an…
- -다(글말 서술) — the written -다 ending in a report — Lesson 4B-11 again, now with the…
- -는가 · -(으)ㄴ가 · N인가(글말 의문) — asking in writing — titles and research questions (Lesson 4B-1…
- 보고서 제목 · 목차 쓰기 — titling a report, laying out its table of contents and opening the…
- A-(으)ㄴ/V-는 법이다 — that's how it is · that's the way it goes — a rule of life, or how…
- N은/는 말할 것도 없고 — not to mention N · let alone N — the obvious one first, then…
- A/V-(으)면 그만이다 — that's all it takes · once …, that's the end of it
- 이래 가지고(서)(야) — like this · in this state — and so …, or how could … (a judgement on…
- V-아/어 내다 — manage to … · see it through — getting something hard done by your…
- V-는 이상 — since … (and that is settled) — a fact that leaves only one course
- A-(으)ㄴ/V-는 만큼 — as much as … · inasmuch as … — matching degree, and a reason that…
- V-다가는 — if this goes on … (a bad result) — Lesson 4A-3 review, now for…
- 발표 · 질의응답 담화 표현 — the discourse moves of a talk and its Q&A — raising a problem,…
- 정리 1 — review: campus and study — not only, because someone suggested, what…
- 정리 2 — review: a flat, money and part-time work — surely not, no sooner…
- 정리 3 — review: paperwork and the counter — that's how it is, not to…
- 정리 4 — review: written and formal Korean — the report style, the written…
Level 6A · 4 points
- A/V-다고 해도 과언이 아니다 — it is no exaggeration to say — a strong claim you can stand behind
- A/V-(으)ㄹ 법하다 — likely · it makes sense — a guess that common sense supports, a…
- V-(으)려나 보다 — looks as if … is about to — guessing what is going to happen from…
- V-(으)ㄹ 겸 V-(으)ㄹ 겸 (해서) — partly to … and partly to … — two purposes in one trip