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haru Korean › Grammar › Level 4A › V-고서 · -고서는 · -고서야

V-고서 · -고서는 · -고서야 — and then … · on doing … · only after … — linking two actions tightly

And then … · on doing … · only after … — linking two actions tightly. Korean grammar for upper intermediate learners — Level 4A, lesson 7: 먹이고 입히고 재우고 (Feeding, dressing, putting to bed — causatives for everyday care).

What it means

V-고서 links two actions of the same person: the first is completed and the second follows straight from it — 점심을 다 먹이고서 약을 먹였어요 'once I had fed her all her lunch, I gave her the medicine'. In this meaning it is very close to -고 나서 (Lesson 2A-5), and the two can usually swap; -고서 just ties the steps more tightly, which is why you meet it in instructions, recipes and stories. Unlike -고 나서, -고서 can also describe the state in which the second action happens: 아이는 제 손을 잡고서 걸었어요 'the child walked holding my hand'. Two partners are built on it. -고서는 adds 는 to point at what came next, very often a change or something unexpected: 엄마 노래를 듣고서는 울음을 그쳤어요 'on hearing her mum's song, she stopped crying'. After a negative it means 'not without': 직접 해 보지 않고서는 알 수 없어요 'you can't know unless you try it yourself'. -고서야 says that the second thing happened only after the first, and not before — it often hints that it took a long time or a lot of effort, and goes well with 겨우 and 결국: 책을 세 권이나 읽어 주고서야 잠이 들었어요 'she only fell asleep after I'd read her three whole books'. In -고서야 sentences the subject can change: 밤 열 시가 되고서야 아이가 잠이 들었어요. All three attach to verbs only and never take -았/었- or -겠-: the tense goes at the end of the sentence (다 먹고서 먹었어요, never 먹었고서).

Forms

PatternWhenExample
-고서앞의 일을 하고 그다음에 · 그 모습 그대로먹이다 + 고서 → 먹이고서
-고서는앞의 일 뒤에 달라진 일 · -지 않고서는 … 수 없다듣다 + 고서는 → 듣고서는
-고서야앞의 일이 끝난 뒤에 겨우 (그 전에는 아니에요)밤이 되다 + 고서야 → 밤이 되고서야

Key points

Examples

Where university textbooks teach it

This point also appears in: Yonsei University Korean 3-1, lesson 9; Sogang University Korean 6, lesson 4; Seoul National University Korean 6A, lesson 11.

Also in this lesson