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피동 + -아/어 있다 — is locked · is open · is lying there — describing the state things are in

Is locked · is open · is lying there — describing the state things are in. Korean grammar for upper intermediate learners — Level 4A, lesson 8: 문이 잠겨 버렸어요 (The door locked itself — passives for breakdowns and accidents).

What it means

When something has happened and its result stays, Korean puts the passive verb in front of -아/어 있다: 문이 잠겨 있어요 'the door is locked', 창문이 열려 있어요 'the window is open', 책상 위에 열쇠가 놓여 있어요 'the keys are lying on the desk', 벽에 달력이 걸려 있어요 'a calendar is hanging on the wall', 현관 앞에 상자가 쌓여 있어요 'boxes are piled up by the entrance'. It is the -아/어 있다 you learned in Lesson 2B-9 with 앉다 and 서다, now after passive verbs — and after -아/어지다 verbs too: 불이 켜져 있어요, 유리창이 깨져 있어요. It describes a scene the way a photo does, so it is the pattern for describing pictures, reporting a breakdown or a lost item, and reading notices: say where (N에), what (N이/가), then the state. Keep it apart from -고 있다 (Lesson 1B-2): 민수 씨가 창문을 닫고 있어요 means he is closing it at this moment, 창문이 닫혀 있어요 that it is shut. And keep it apart from -아/어 놓다 (Lesson 2B-6), which says that someone did it on purpose and it stays that way: 제가 창문을 열어 놓았어요 (with 을/를) — 창문이 열려 있어요 (with 이/가). Because the subject is the thing, never use 을/를 here (창문을 열려 있어요 ✗), and don't use this pattern for what someone wears — that is -고 있다 (Lesson 3B-4). The tense goes on 있다: 잠겨 있었어요, 열려 있을 거예요, and before a noun 놓여 있는 열쇠.

Forms

PatternWhenExample
피동 + -아/어 있다피동사 · -아/어지다 동사 + 아/어 있다 — 그대로 있는 모습 (사진 설명: N에 N이/가 …아/어 있어요)잠기다 + 어 있다 → 잠겨 있어요

Key points

Examples

Where university textbooks teach it

This point also appears in: Seoul National University Korean 2B, lesson 17; Yonsei University Korean 3-1, lesson 3; Sogang University Korean 3B, lesson 5; Ewha Womans University Korean 3-2, lesson 11; Hongik University Korean 2B, lesson 10; Hanyang University Korean 3-1, lesson 4.

Also in this lesson