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haru Korean › Grammar › Level 4A › V-아/어지다 · N되다 · N을/를 당하다/받다

V-아/어지다 · N되다 · N을/를 당하다/받다 — passives without -이/히/리/기 — -아/어지다, N되다, and 당하다 · 받다

Passives without -이/히/리/기 — -아/어지다, N되다, and 당하다 · 받다. Korean grammar for upper intermediate learners — Level 4A, lesson 8: 문이 잠겨 버렸어요 (The door locked itself — passives for breakdowns and accidents).

What it means

Not every verb has a -이/히/리/기 passive, and Korean has three other ways to say what happened without naming who did it. First, -아/어지다, which you met in Lesson 3A-9 (만들어지다, 알려지다): build it like -아요/어요 and add 지다 — 켜다 → 켜지다, 끄다 → 꺼지다, 지우다 → 지워지다, 깨다 → 깨지다. These are the everyday words for things that go on, go off, come off or break: 불이 꺼졌어요, 컵이 깨졌어요, and 글씨가 잘 안 지워져요 'the writing just won't come off'. Second, verbs made of a noun + 하다 change 하다 to 되다: 취소하다 → 취소되다, 연기하다 → 연기되다, 중단하다 → 중단되다, 접수하다 → 접수되다, 설치하다 → 설치되다 — so 수업이 취소됐어요 'the class was cancelled' and 수리 신청이 접수되었습니다 'your repair request has been received', the language of every notice and text from an office. Third, for things done to a person, Korean uses a noun with 당하다 or 받다: 당하다 when it harms you — 사고를 당하다 'to have an accident', 피해를 당하다 'to suffer damage', 부상을 당하다 'to be injured' — and 받다 for everything else — 칭찬을 받다 'to be praised', 도움을 받다 'to get help', 연락을 받다 'to be contacted'. Don't stack two passives: a verb that already has -이/히/리/기 doesn't take -아/어지다 as well (잠겨지다 ✗ → 잠기다; you may hear 닫혀지다 in speech, but avoid it). The tense goes on the last verb: 꺼졌어요, 취소됐어요, 당했어요, 받을 거예요.

Forms

PatternWhenExample
V-아/어지다동사 — -이/히/리/기 피동이 없을 때 (3A 9과)켜다 + 어지다 → 켜지다
N되다N하다 동사 → 하다를 되다로취소하다 → 취소되다
N을/를 당하다 · 받다사람에게 생긴 일 — 나쁜 일은 당하다 · 그 밖은 받다사고 → 사고를 당하다

Key points

Examples

Where university textbooks teach it

This point also appears in: Ewha Womans University Korean 2-2, lesson 15; Hanyang University Korean 3-1, lesson 3; Seoul National University Korean 3A, lesson 9.

Also in this lesson