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근거와 비교 정리 — sources and comparisons review — according to …, compared with …, only …, while …, so … that …

Sources and comparisons review — according to …, compared with …, only …, while …, so … that …. Korean grammar for upper intermediate learners — Level 4A, lesson 12: 4A 정리 · 겪은 일 되짚기 (Level 4A round-up — looking back at what happened).

What it means

Level 4A gave you the language of facts and figures — the sentences of surveys, the news, presentations and TOPIK question 53. N에 따르면 (4A-2) names the source first: 조사 결과에 따르면 · 뉴스에 따르면; the sentence then ends with -다고 해요 or -(으)ㄴ/는 것으로 나타났어요 (3B-10), because you are passing on what the source says. Don't confuse it with N에 따라(서) 다르다 'it depends on N'. N에 비해(서) (4A-2) compares one thing with another — 2026년에 비해 늘었어요 — and N에 비하면 puts the comparison first, like a condition, often with -(으)ㄴ 편이다: 원룸에 비하면 기숙사는 싼 편이에요. N에 불과하다 (4A-2) says a number or a thing is small: 18%에 불과했어요 · 소문에 불과해요; with friends, 18%밖에 안 돼요 says the same thing less formally, and it is never used for a figure you think is big. -(으)ㄴ/는 반면(에) (4A-5) sets two sides against each other — two sides of one thing, two people or two months: 체크카드는 편한 반면에 할부가 안 돼요; adjectives take -(으)ㄴ, verbs -는, the past V-(으)ㄴ (줄어든 반면에) and nouns 인 (학생인 반면에). -(으)ㄹ 정도로 (4A-3) shows how strong something is by what it causes: 잠을 못 잘 정도로 어깨가 쑤셔요; at the end of a sentence it becomes -(으)ㄹ 정도예요.

Forms

PatternWhenExample
N에 따르면the source — 받침 무관 · 뒤에 -다고 해요 · -(으)ㄴ/는 것으로 나타났어요조사 결과 → 조사 결과에 따르면
N에 비해(서) · N에 비하면compared with — 받침 무관 · 뒤에 많다 · 늘었다 · -(으)ㄴ 편이다작년 → 작년에 비해
N에 불과하다only — a small number or thing · 받침 무관 · 말로는 N밖에 안 되다18% → 18%에 불과했어요
A-(으)ㄴ · V-는 반면(에)while · on the other hand — 형용사 -(으)ㄴ · 동사 -는 · 지난 일 V-(으)ㄴ · 명사 인싸다 (형용사) → 싼 반면에
A/V-(으)ㄹ 정도로so … that … — 받침 O 을 정도로 · 받침 X · ㄹ ㄹ 정도로 · 끝에서는 -(으)ㄹ 정도예요먹다 → 먹을 정도로

Key points

Examples

Where university textbooks teach it

This point also appears in: Seoul National University Korean 4B, lesson 14; Seoul National University Korean 4A, lesson 3; Seoul National University Korean 4A, lesson 4; Yonsei University Korean 4-1, lesson 9; Sogang University Korean 4B, lesson 7; Sogang University Korean 4B, lesson 8; Sogang University Korean 5B, lesson 4; Ewha Womans University Korean 2-1, lesson 2; Ewha Womans University Korean 3-1, lesson 5; Ewha Womans University Korean 5, lesson 6; Hongik University Korean 2B, lesson 8; Hongik University Korean 4B, lesson 12; Hanyang University Korean 3-1, lesson 6; Hanyang University Korean 4-2, lesson 11.

Also in this lesson