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사동 · 피동 정리 — causatives and passives review — doing it to someone, getting someone to do it, things that just happen, and the state they are in

Causatives and passives review — doing it to someone, getting someone to do it, things that just happen, and the state they are in. Korean grammar for upper intermediate learners — Level 4A, lesson 12: 4A 정리 · 겪은 일 되짚기 (Level 4A round-up — looking back at what happened).

What it means

Level 4A brought causative and passive verbs together — the verbs of looking after someone and of things going wrong. Causative verbs (4A-7) mean you do something to or for someone: 먹다 → 먹이다 'feed', 입다 → 입히다 'dress', 울다 → 울리다 'make cry', 씻다 → 씻기다 'wash', 자다 → 재우다 'put to bed', 깨다 → 깨우다 'wake', 낮다 → 낮추다 'lower'. They are fixed words, so learn them as vocabulary. -게 하다 (3B-6) works with any verb and means you get someone to do it themselves: 아이에게 옷을 입혔어요 'I dressed her', but 아이가 혼자 옷을 입게 했어요 'I let her dress herself'. Passive verbs (3A-6, 4A-8) say that something happened by itself or to someone, without saying who did it: 잠그다 → 잠기다, 닫다 → 닫히다, 열다 → 열리다, 듣다 → 들리다; a verb with no passive of its own uses -아/어지다 (끄다 → 꺼지다, 켜다 → 켜지다), and many nouns use N되다 or N을/를 당하다 (연기되다 · 사고를 당하다). Passive + -아/어 있다 (4A-8) describes the state you can see now: 문이 잠겨 있어요 · 빨간 불이 켜져 있어요. The suffixes -이/히/리/기 can make both kinds, while -우/구/추 make causatives only; and a few verbs look the same both ways — 보이다 'show · be seen' and 안기다 'hand to someone to hold · be held' — so the particles tell you which one you have.

Forms

PatternWhenExample
사동 -이/히/리/기/우I do it to someone — 정해진 동사만 · 먹이다 · 입히다 · 울리다 · 씻기다 · 재우다먹다 → 먹이다
-게 하다I get someone to do it — 받침 무관 · 모든 동사 · N이/가 (혼자) V-게 해요먹다 → 먹게 하다
피동 -이/히/리/기 · -아/어지다it happens by itself · to me — 잠기다 · 닫히다 · 열리다 · 들리다 · 없으면 -아/어지다 · N되다잠그다 → 잠기다
피동 + -아/어 있다the state it is in now — 잠겨 있다 · 닫혀 있다 · 열려 있다 · 꺼져 있다 · 놓여 있다잠기다 → 잠겨 있다

Key points

Examples

Where university textbooks teach it

This point also appears in: Seoul National University Korean 3B, lesson 11; Seoul National University Korean 3A, lesson 6; Yonsei University Korean 3-1, lesson 3; Yonsei University Korean 3-1, lesson 8; Yonsei University Korean 3-1, lesson 9; Sogang University Korean 3B, lesson 5; Sogang University Korean 5A, lesson 5; Ewha Womans University Korean 3-1, lesson 4; Ewha Womans University Korean 3-2, lesson 11; Hongik University Korean 2B, lesson 10; Hongik University Korean 3B, lesson 9; Hanyang University Korean 3-1, lesson 3; Hanyang University Korean 3-1, lesson 4; Hanyang University Korean 3-2, lesson 10.

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