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haru Korean › Grammar › Level 4B › A/V-기에 · -기에는

A/V-기에 · -기에는 — as · since (in writing) — and 'for doing …, it's too …'

As · since (in writing) — and 'for doing …, it's too …'. Korean grammar for upper intermediate learners — Level 4B, lesson 1: 소중한 환경 (Our precious environment — changing plans and formal reasons).

What it means

-기에 gives a reason in a formal, written way — 'as, since, because': 지구는 하나뿐이기에 우리가 지켜야 한다 'since there is only one Earth, we must protect it'. Verbs and adjectives take -기에 directly (오기에, 심하기에), nouns take (이)기에 (하나뿐이기에, 학생이기에), and a past reason takes -았/었기에 (공기가 오염됐기에, 숲이 파괴됐기에). In speech the same idea is usually -아/어서 or -(으)니까; -기에 belongs to articles, essays, speeches, letters and posters. Like -아/어서, it cannot be followed by a request or a suggestion: not 비가 오기에 우산을 가져가세요 but 비가 오니까 우산을 가져가세요. -기에는 is a different use: it sets a standard — 'for doing …, it is (too) …': 혼자 먹기에는 많아요 'it's a lot for one person', 포스터에 넣기에는 글이 너무 길어요 'the text is too long for a poster'. It usually comes with 너무, 좀 or 아직 and an adjective, and it is common in everyday speech. Without 는, -기에 좋다/나쁘다 means 'good/bad for doing': 산책하기에 좋은 날씨 — the same as 산책하기 좋은 날씨 from Lesson 2B-4.

Forms

PatternWhenExample
-기에 (이유)동사 · 형용사 + 기에 · 명사 + (이)기에 · 지난 일 -았/었기에 — 글말오다 + 기에 → 오기에
-기에는 (기준)동사 + 기에는 + 너무 · 좀 · 아직 + 형용사 — 그 일을 하는 데는 (좋은 점은 -기에 좋다)혼자 먹다 + 기에는 → 혼자 먹기에는 (많아요)

Key points

Examples

Where university textbooks teach it

This point also appears in: Yonsei University Korean 4-1, lesson 2; Ewha Womans University Korean 3-2, lesson 8; Hanyang University Korean 4-2, lesson 7; Seoul National University Korean 5A, lesson 14.

Also in this lesson