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회상 · 추측 · 판단 정리 — looking back, guessing and judging review — I noticed …, I found that …, (to a friend) it was …, I half think …, it seems …, there's no way …

Looking back, guessing and judging review — I noticed …, I found that …, (to a friend) it was …, I half think …, it seems …, there's no way …. Korean grammar for upper intermediate learners — Level 4B, lesson 12: 4급 수료 · 한국에서 보낸 시간 (Level 4 complete — my time in Korea).

What it means

These six close the circle of Level 4. Three look back on what you yourself saw or felt (so the subject is usually not 'I' doing an action). -더군(요) (4A-6) is a slightly formal, half-to-yourself 'I noticed': 처음에는 다 어렵더군요. -더라고(요) (4B-3) is the everyday way to tell someone what you found: 한국 사람들이 정말 친절하더라고요; the past is -았/었더라고요. -더라 (4B-3) is the same thing to a friend, and -더라? asks yourself what you've forgotten: 그 식당 이름이 뭐더라? Three judge. -다 싶다 (4B-7) is a half-spoken thought: verbs -ㄴ/는다 싶다, adjectives -다 싶다, and -(으)ㄹ까 싶다 'I'm half thinking of': 꿈만 같다 싶어요. -는 듯하다 (4A-9) is a careful guess, good in writing: 다들 아쉬워하는 듯해요 (adjectives -(으)ㄴ 듯하다, the past V-(으)ㄴ 듯하다, the future -(으)ㄹ 듯하다). -(으)ㄹ 리(가) 없다 (4B-5) is a strong 'there's no way': 그럴 리가 없어요 · 4급까지 했을 리가 없다.

Forms

PatternWhenExample
-더군(요)I noticed — 받침 무관 · 명사 (이)더군요 · 지난 일 -았/었더군요어렵다 → 어렵더군요
-더라고(요)I found — telling someone · 받침 무관 · 명사 (이)더라고요어렵다 → 어렵더라고요
-더라 · -더라?to a friend · 기억이 안 날 때 -더라?어렵다 → 어렵더라
-다 싶다I half think — 형용사 -다 · 동사 -ㄴ/는다 · 지난 일 -았/었다 싶다어렵다 → 어렵다 싶어요
-는 듯하다it seems — 동사 -는 · 형용사 -(으)ㄴ · 지난 일 V-(으)ㄴ · 곧 -(으)ㄹ오다 → 오는 듯해요
-(으)ㄹ 리가 없다no way — 받침 O 을 리가 · 받침 X · ㄹ ㄹ 리가 · 지난 일 -았/었을 리가어렵다 → 어려울 리가 없어요

Key points

Examples

Where university textbooks teach it

This point also appears in: Seoul National University Korean 4B, lesson 11; Seoul National University Korean 4A, lesson 9; Seoul National University Korean 4B, lesson 10; Yonsei University Korean 4-1, lesson 6; Sogang University Korean 3B, lesson 4; Sogang University Korean 5B, lesson 2; Ewha Womans University Korean 3-2, lesson 9; Hongik University Korean 3A, lesson 2; Hongik University Korean 4A, lesson 6; Hanyang University Korean 4-2, lesson 12.

Also in this lesson