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근거와 글말 정리 — sources and the written style review — according to …, compared with …, no more than …, because of …, since …

Sources and the written style review — according to …, compared with …, no more than …, because of …, since …. Korean grammar for upper intermediate learners — Level 4B, lesson 12: 4급 수료 · 한국에서 보낸 시간 (Level 4 complete — my time in Korea).

What it means

Level 4 gave you the tools of formal, evidence-based Korean. N에 따르면 (4A-2) and N에 의하면 (4B-2) both name your source — a survey, the news, an expert — and 에 의하면 sounds stiffer; N에 의해 also marks the doer in a passive sentence (전문가에 의해 확인되었다). N에 비해(서) (4A-2) compares: 1급 때에 비해 단어를 다섯 배 더 안다; 에 비하면 works the same way. N에 불과하다 (4A-2) says a figure is small — 'only, no more than': 300개에 불과했다. N(으)로 인해(서) (3B-11, 4B-10) is the written 'because of', and N(으)로 인한 N puts the cause in front of a noun: 장마로 인한 피해. A/V-(으)므로 (4B-11) is the written 'since, so': consonant stems take -으므로 (많으므로), vowel and ㄹ stems -므로 (부족하므로, 살므로), nouns (이)므로 (학생이므로), and the past -았/었으므로. In conversation all of these sound like a report, so in a talk you would say 조사를 보니까, 1급 때보다, 때문에 and -아서/어서 instead.

Forms

PatternWhenExample
N에 따르면according to — 받침 무관 · 뉴스 · 조사 · 안내조사 → 조사에 따르면
N에 의하면according to — 더 딱딱함 · 피동문의 행위자 N에 의해조사 → 조사에 의하면
N에 비해(서)compared with — 받침 무관 · N에 비하면도 같음1급 때 → 1급 때에 비해
N에 불과하다no more than — 숫자 · 적은 양300개 → 300개에 불과했다
N(으)로 인해(서)because of — 받침 O 으로 · 받침 X · ㄹ 로 · N(으)로 인한 N장마 → 장마로 인해
A/V-(으)므로since · so (written) — 받침 O 으므로 · 받침 X · ㄹ 므로 · N(이)므로많다 → 많으므로

Key points

Examples

Where university textbooks teach it

This point also appears in: Seoul National University Korean 4B, lesson 14; Seoul National University Korean 4B, lesson 16; Seoul National University Korean 4B, lesson 15; Yonsei University Korean 4-1, lesson 9; Sogang University Korean 4B, lesson 7; Sogang University Korean 4B, lesson 8; Ewha Womans University Korean 2-1, lesson 2; Ewha Womans University Korean 4, lesson 8; Ewha Womans University Korean 5, lesson 1; Hongik University Korean 2B, lesson 8; Hanyang University Korean 3-1, lesson 6; Hanyang University Korean 4-2, lesson 11.

Also in this lesson