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이유 · 결과 가족 정리 — the family of reasons and results review — because of (blame), because of (the unexpected), in all the chaos of, since (written), partly because

The family of reasons and results review — because of (blame), because of (the unexpected), in all the chaos of, since (written), partly because. Korean grammar for upper intermediate learners — Level 4B, lesson 12: 4급 수료 · 한국에서 보낸 시간 (Level 4 complete — my time in Korea).

What it means

Level 4 gave you a whole family of 'because'. Three of them need a bad result. -는 탓에 (4A-3) blames something or someone: 비가 오는 탓에 · 제 탓이에요; for good results use 덕분에. -는 바람에 (4B-9) is for something sudden or unexpected that caused a (usually bad) past result: 늦잠을 자는 바람에 늦었어요 — you cannot follow it with a request or a suggestion. -는 통에 (4B-4) is about noise, crowds and confusion that stopped you doing something: 옆집에서 이사하는 통에 못 잤어요; with nouns, N 통에 (전쟁 통에). Two are neutral. -기에 (4B-1) is a written or formal reason: 비가 오기에 우산을 가져왔다, and -기에는 sets a standard (혼자 먹기에는 많다). -고 해서 (4A-6) gives one reason and hints there are more: 피곤하고 해서 일찍 잤어요. -는 탓에 takes V-(으)ㄴ 탓에 for a past cause; -는 바람에 and -는 통에 put the past only on the last verb.

Forms

PatternWhenExample
-는 탓에blame — 동사 -는 · 지난 일 V-(으)ㄴ · 형용사 -(으)ㄴ · N 탓에오다 → 오는 탓에
-는 바람에unexpected — 동사만 · 받침 무관 · 뒤는 지난 일오다 → 오는 바람에
-는 통에chaos · noise — 동사 · N 통에떠들다 (ㄹ) → 떠드는 통에
-기에written reason — 받침 무관 · 지난 일 -았/었기에오다 → 오기에
-고 해서one reason of several — 받침 무관 · 지난 일 -았/었고 해서피곤하다 → 피곤하고 해서

Key points

Examples

Where university textbooks teach it

This point also appears in: Seoul National University Korean 4A, lesson 3; Seoul National University Korean 4A, lesson 5; Yonsei University Korean 3-2, lesson 17; Yonsei University Korean 4-1, lesson 8; Sogang University Korean 4B, lesson 3; Sogang University Korean 6, lesson 4; Ewha Womans University Korean 3-1, lesson 7; Ewha Womans University Korean 3-2, lesson 8; Ewha Womans University Korean 4, lesson 5; Ewha Womans University Korean 6, lesson 8; Hongik University Korean 3B, lesson 11; Hongik University Korean 4A, lesson 5; Hanyang University Korean 4-1, lesson 1; Hanyang University Korean 4-1, lesson 6.

Also in this lesson