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높임 정리 — honorifics review — talking about older people in three layers

Honorifics review — talking about older people in three layers. Korean grammar for beginner learners — Level 1B, lesson 12: 1급 정리 · 나의 한국 생활 (Level 1 round-up — my life in Korea).

What it means

When you talk about an older person or someone you respect, Korean raises them in three places. The verb takes -(으)시-: 가세요, 읽으세요, and in the past 가셨어요. The particle changes: 이/가 → 께서, 은/는 → 께서는, 에게/한테 → 께. Some words have their own polite partner: 있다 → 계시다, 자다 → 주무시다, 먹다 → 잡수시다, 아프다 → 편찮으시다, 집 → 댁, 나이 → 연세, 이름 → 성함, 생일 → 생신. 주다 works the other way round: when you give something to an older person, you use 드리다 — 할머니께 선물을 드려요. Never use honorifics for yourself: 저는 자요.

Forms

PatternWhenExample
-(으)세요 · -(으)셨어요the verb — 받침 O 으세요 · 받침 X 세요 · ㄹ drops읽다 → 읽으세요
께서 · 께서는 · 께the particle — 이/가 · 은/는 · 에게/한테할머니가 → 할머니께서
높임 어휘the word itself changes있다 → 계시다 · 계세요

Key points

Examples

Where university textbooks teach it

This point also appears in: Seoul National University Korean 1B, lesson 9; Yonsei University Korean 1-2, lesson 12; Sogang University Korean 2A, lesson 1; Ewha Womans University Korean 1-1, lesson 7; Hongik University Korean 1B, lesson 11; Hanyang University Korean 2-1, lesson 1.

Also in this lesson