haru Korean › Grammar › Level 3A › 연결어미 정리
연결어미 정리 — linking endings review — busy doing …, did … and then …, (I saw) … and now …, even though …, as soon as …
Linking endings review — busy doing …, did … and then …, (I saw) … and now …, even though …, as soon as …. Korean grammar for intermediate learners — Level 3A, lesson 12: 3A 정리 · 달라진 나 (Level 3A round-up — how I've changed).
What it means
Level 3A gave you five linking endings, and each joins two parts in its own way. -느라고 (3A-2): you were busy doing something, so you couldn't do something else — 아르바이트하느라고 못 갔어요. The same person does both, the second part is usually negative or tiring, and it cannot end in a request or 'let's'. -았/었다가 (3A-7): you finished one thing, then did the opposite or moved on — 껐다가 다시 켰어요, 카페에 갔다가 집에 왔어요. Compare -다가 (2A-7, 3A-8), which breaks off in the middle. -더니 (3A-7): you watched someone — or the weather — do or be something, and then saw a change or a contrast: 리사 씨가 매일 연습하더니 발음이 좋아졌어요. About yourself, Level 3B will give you -았/었더니. -는데도 (3A-7): even though — the result you expected did not come: 매일 복습했는데도 시험이 어려웠어요 (adjectives: -(으)ㄴ데도, 작은데도). -자마자 (3A-10): as soon as — 수업이 끝나자마자 아르바이트하러 가요. Only -는데도 takes -았/었- freely; with the others the tense goes on the last verb.
Forms
| Pattern | When | Example |
|---|---|---|
| -느라고 | busy doing … → couldn't (같은 사람 · 부탁 ✗ · ㄹ 탈락) | 가다 → 가느라고 |
| -았/었다가 | did …, then the opposite or something else (ㅏ · ㅗ 았다가 · 그 외 었다가 · 하다 했다가) | 가다 → 갔다가 |
| -더니 | I saw … — and then / but now … (보통 남의 일 · 받침 무관) | 가다 → 가더니 |
| -는데도 | even though … (동사 -는데도 · ㄹ 탈락 · 형용사 -(으)ㄴ데도 · 과거 -았/었는데도) | 가다 → 가는데도 |
| -자마자 | as soon as … (받침 무관 · ㄹ 그대로) | 가다 → 가자마자 |
Key points
- Reason and order: -느라고 (busy doing … — so I couldn't) · -았/었다가 (did … and then the opposite, or something else) · -자마자 (as soon as …)
- What I saw, and what didn't follow: -더니 (I saw … — and then / but now …, about someone else) · -는데도 · A-(으)ㄴ데도 (even though …)
Examples
- -느라고: 한 일 때문에 다른 일을 못 했어요 — 아르바이트하느라고 못 갔어요. (같은 사람 · 부탁 ✗)
- -았/었다가: 한 일을 끝내고 반대로 하거나 다른 일을 해요 — 껐다가 다시 켰어요 · 카페에 갔다가 집에 왔어요.
- -더니: 다른 사람을 보니까 그다음에 달라졌어요 — 리사 씨가 매일 연습하더니 발음이 좋아졌어요.
- -는데도 · A-(으)ㄴ데도: 앞의 일이 있었지만 생각한 결과가 안 나와요 — 매일 복습했는데도 어려웠어요.
- -자마자: 앞의 일이 끝나고 바로 — 수업이 끝나자마자 아르바이트하러 가요.
Where university textbooks teach it
This point also appears in: Seoul National University Korean 3A, lesson 2; Seoul National University Korean 3A, lesson 7; Yonsei University Korean 2-1, lesson 10; Yonsei University Korean 2-2, lesson 19; Yonsei University Korean 3-1, lesson 6; Yonsei University Korean 3-2, lesson 14; Yonsei University Korean 4-1, lesson 3; Sogang University Korean 3B, lesson 6; Sogang University Korean 4A, lesson 6; Sogang University Korean 5A, lesson 8; Ewha Womans University Korean 2-2, lesson 12; Ewha Womans University Korean 3-2, lesson 13; Ewha Womans University Korean 4, lesson 1; Ewha Womans University Korean 4, lesson 10; Hongik University Korean 3A, lesson 3; Hongik University Korean 3A, lesson 5; Hongik University Korean 3B, lesson 9; Hongik University Korean 3B, lesson 10; Hongik University Korean 4A, lesson 6; Hanyang University Korean 2-2, lesson 10; Hanyang University Korean 3-2, lesson 8; Hanyang University Korean 3-2, lesson 9; Hanyang University Korean 3-2, lesson 12; Hanyang University Korean 4-1, lesson 5.
Also in this lesson
- 간접화법 정리 — reported speech review — passing on statements, questions, orders and suggestions, the long way and the short way
- 추측 · 후회 — guesses, regrets and surprises review — it'll probably …, it seems …, I should have …, I never thought …
- 표현 정리 — expressions review — the reason you didn't know, what I noticed, please make sure …, and in order to …