haru Korean 하루한국어

haru Korean › Grammar › Level 3B › 문어체 N(으)로 인해(서) · -(으)ㅁ —고장으로 인해 쓸 수 없음

문어체 N(으)로 인해(서) · -(으)ㅁ —고장으로 인해 쓸 수 없음 — written style — 'due to …' and the -(으)ㅁ ending of contracts, memos and signs

Written style — 'due to …' and the -(으)ㅁ ending of contracts, memos and signs. Korean grammar for intermediate learners — Level 3B, lesson 11: 계약서는 꼼꼼히 읽어야 해요 (Read the contract carefully — paperwork and formal language).

What it means

Written Korean — notices, contracts, the news — has its own short forms. N(으)로 인해(서) gives a cause, 'because of / due to N', in a formal register: 엘리베이터 고장으로 인해 계단을 이용해야 합니다 'due to a lift failure, the stairs must be used'. After a 받침 use 으로 인해 (고장으로, 눈으로); after a vowel or ㄹ use 로 인해 (화재로, 사고로); 서 at the end is optional. In everyday speech say N 때문에 or -아/어서 instead: 엘리베이터가 고장 나서 계단으로 가요. The second form, -(으)ㅁ, ends a line in contracts, memos, signs and official notes. It turns the sentence into a noun-like note with no polite ending at all: after a 받침 add 음 (받음, 않음), after a vowel add ㅁ (냄, 함), and a ㄹ stem keeps its ㄹ and adds ㅁ (만들다 → 만듦, 살다 → 삶). Past facts take -았/었음: 받았음, 확인했음. -(으)ㅁ records facts and agreements — 방 안에서 담배를 피우지 않음 'no smoking in the room (agreed)' — while -(으)ㄹ 것 (Lesson 2B-4) gives an order. You met -음 as a noun ending in Lesson 2B-11 (웃음, 걸음); here the same -음 closes a whole sentence. When you read such a line to someone, turn it back into speech: 않음 → 안 해요 · -(으)면 안 돼요, 냄 → 내요.

Forms

PatternWhenExample
N(으)로 인해(서)명사 — 받침 O 으로 인해 · 받침 X · ㄹ 로 인해고장 + 으로 인해 → 고장으로 인해
-(으)ㅁ동사 · 형용사 — 받침 O 음 · 받침 X ㅁ · ㄹ → ㄻ않다 + 음 → 않음

Key points

Examples

Where university textbooks teach it

This point also appears in: Ewha Womans University Korean 4, lesson 8; Hanyang University Korean 4-2, lesson 11; Seoul National University Korean 4A, lesson 9; Seoul National University Korean 5A, lesson 11; Hongik University Korean 2B, lesson 12.

Also in this lesson