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N밖에 — only — and not enough: 밖에 with a negative

Only — and not enough: 밖에 with a negative. Korean grammar for upper beginner learners — Level 2A, lesson 11: 시험 때문에 못 갔어요 (I couldn't go because of the exam — apologising and postponing).

What it means

밖에 means 'only', and it adds a feeling: 'only this much — and it's not enough'. Put it straight after a noun, with or without 받침 (십 분밖에, 한 명밖에, 이름밖에), and always follow it with a negative: 없다, 안, 못 or 모르다. 시간이 십 분 있어요 just tells the time; 시간이 십 분밖에 없어요 says 'I've only got ten minutes — hurry!'. Like 만 (1B-5), 밖에 takes the place of 이/가 and 을/를: 물을 마셨어요 → 물밖에 안 마셨어요. 한 명만 왔어요 and 한 명밖에 안 왔어요 mean the same thing, but 만 goes with a positive verb and 밖에 with a negative one — never 한 명밖에 왔어요. 밖에 is most common with numbers and amounts (조금밖에, 반밖에, 하나밖에), and it is a polite way to explain a limit: 오늘은 시간이 한 시간밖에 없어요. Don't mix it up with 밖에 'outside', as in 밖에 나가요.

Forms

PatternWhenExample
N밖에 + 부정받침 O · X 같아요 — 뒤에 꼭 없다 · 안 · 못 · 모르다십 분 → 시간이 십 분밖에 없어요

Key points

Examples

Where university textbooks teach it

This point also appears in: Seoul National University Korean 2A, lesson 9; Yonsei University Korean 2-2, lesson 18; Ewha Womans University Korean 2-2, lesson 9; Hongik University Korean 2B, lesson 7; Hanyang University Korean 2-2, lesson 7.

Also in this lesson