haru Korean › Grammar › Level 2B › 허락 · 금지 · 경험 정리
허락 · 금지 · 경험 정리 — permission, rules and experience review — may I …?, you mustn't …, and have you ever …?
Permission, rules and experience review — may I …?, you mustn't …, and have you ever …?. Korean grammar for upper beginner learners — Level 2B, lesson 12: 2급 정리 · TOPIK I 맛보기 (Level 2 round-up — a taste of TOPIK I).
What it means
Level 2B gave you three patterns for what is allowed, what is not, and what you have done before. -아/어도 되다 (2B-5) asks for and gives permission: 여기서 사진을 찍어도 돼요? — 네, 찍어도 돼요. Build it on the -아요/어요 form: drop 요 and add 도 되다 (찍어요 → 찍어도 돼요, 해요 → 해도 돼요). With 안 in front it means 'you don't have to': 안 벗어도 돼요. -(으)면 안 되다 (2B-5) says something is not allowed; it is the usual 'no' to a -아/어도 돼요? question and sounds firmer than -지 마세요: 음식을 먹으면 안 돼요. -(으)ㄴ 적이 있다/없다 (2B-5) talks about experience: 한복을 입은 적이 있어요 'I have worn a hanbok'; with 한 번도 it means 'never'. It is close to -아/어 봤어요 (2A-3), which stresses that you tried something. The usual stem changes apply: 쓰다 → 써도 · 쓴 적, 듣다 → 들어도 · 들으면 · 들은 적.
Forms
| Pattern | When | Example |
|---|---|---|
| -아/어도 되다 | it's all right · may I …? — ㅏ · ㅗ → 아도 · other vowels → 어도 · 하다 → 해도 | 앉다 → 앉아도 돼요 |
| -(으)면 안 되다 | not allowed — 받침 O 으면 · 받침 X · ㄹ 면 | 앉다 → 앉으면 안 돼요 |
| -(으)ㄴ 적이 있다/없다 | I have (never) … — 받침 O 은 · 받침 X · ㄹ ㄴ | 앉다 → 앉은 적이 있어요 |
Key points
- One verb, three patterns: 앉아도 돼요 (it's all right) · 앉으면 안 돼요 (it is not allowed) · 앉은 적이 있어요 (I have done it before)
- -아/어도 돼요 follows 아/어 like -아요/어요 · -(으)면 안 돼요 and -(으)ㄴ 적이 있어요 follow 받침 like -(으)면 and -(으)ㄴ
Examples
- 여기서 사진을 찍어도 돼요? — 네, 찍어도 돼요.
- 전시실 안에서 음식을 먹으면 안 돼요. (= 먹지 마세요.)
- 신발을 벗어야 돼요? — 아니요, 안 벗어도 돼요.
- 한복을 입은 적이 있어요? — 네, 한 번 있어요. / 아니요, 한 번도 없어요.
Where university textbooks teach it
This point also appears in: Seoul National University Korean 2B, lesson 14; Yonsei University Korean 2-1, lesson 5; Yonsei University Korean 2-1, lesson 7; Sogang University Korean 2A, lesson 6; Sogang University Korean 2B, lesson 6; Ewha Womans University Korean 1-2, lesson 15; Ewha Womans University Korean 2-1, lesson 5; Hongik University Korean 2A, lesson 4; Hongik University Korean 2A, lesson 5; Hongik University Korean 2A, lesson 6; Hanyang University Korean 2-1, lesson 2; Hanyang University Korean 2-1, lesson 3.
Also in this lesson
- 변화 · 상태 정리 — change and state review — it got …, I came to …, it is (still) …, and I did it ready for later
- 이유 · 조건 · 의도 정리 — reasons and plans review — because …, I'll … so you …, I've decided to …, and I'm thinking of …
- 반말 정리 + 글말 -다 — casual speech and the written style review — the same sentence to a teacher, to a friend, and in a diary