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문어체 종결 정리 — written sentence endings — turning a spoken sentence into an answer-sheet sentence

Written sentence endings — turning a spoken sentence into an answer-sheet sentence. Korean grammar for upper intermediate learners — Level 4B, lesson 11: 답안지에 쓰는 문장 (Sentences for the answer sheet — writing like a textbook).

What it means

Answer sheets, diaries, reports and news are written in the plain -다 style, never with -요. Change the pronouns too: 저 → 나, 저희 → 우리, 제 → 나의 or 내. Verbs take -ㄴ다 after a vowel or ㄹ (간다, 산다 — ㄹ drops before ㄴ) and -는다 after a consonant (먹는다); adjectives and 있다 · 없다 take plain -다 (좋다, 재미있다); nouns take N(이)다 (학생이다, 개발자이다). Past is -았/었다, an ongoing change is -고 있다 (늘어나고 있다), and questions in essays and headlines are -(으)ㄴ가? / -는가? (Lesson 4B-1). Three written frames carry most essays: -(으)ㄴ/는 것이다 explains the real reason or meaning behind a fact — 시간이 부족했던 것이다 'the point is that there wasn't enough time'; -(으)ㄹ 것이다 predicts or concludes — 앞으로도 늘어날 것이다, 노력해야 할 것이다; and -다고 한다 reports what others say or what a survey found — 앞으로 더 늘어날 것이라고 한다 (the written partner of -대요). Finally, written Korean links sentences with 그러므로 · 따라서 · 그러나 · 또한 instead of 그래서 · 그런데 · 그리고.

Forms

PatternWhenExample
V-(ㄴ/는)다동사 — 받침 X · ㄹ -ㄴ다 / 받침 O -는다가요 → 간다
A-다 · N(이)다형용사 · 있다 · 없다 · 명사좋아요 → 좋다
-(으)ㄴ/는 것이다 · -(으)ㄹ 것이다설명 · 강조 / 짐작 · 예측부족했어요 → 부족했던 것이다
-다고 한다남의 말 · 조사 결과 (-대요의 글말)늘어난대요 → 늘어난다고 한다

Key points

Examples

Where university textbooks teach it

This point also appears in: Sogang University Korean 4B, lesson 7; Yonsei University Korean 2-1, lesson 9; Seoul National University Korean 2B, lesson 18; Ewha Womans University Korean 2-2, lesson 15; Hanyang University Korean 2-2, lesson 7.

Also in this lesson